# Problem 1: Multiples of 3 and 5

Sequence summation for multiples of numbers from one to n

## Description

If we list all the natural numbers below 10 that are multiples of 3 or 5, we get 3, 5, 6 and 9. The sum of these multiples is 23.

Find the sum of all the multiples of 3 or 5 below 1000.

## Iterative solution

A naive, albeit effective for this input size, method to solve this would be to iterate from 1 to n, skip numbers that are not multiples of three and five, and sum the remaining set of numbers. Starting at three rather than one is a trivial but appropriate improvement.

solve!(p001, iterative, 1_000, |n| -> i128 {
(3..n).filter(|m| m % 3 == 0 || m % 5 == 0).sum()
});


This solution scales linearly with the input size.

## Closed form solution

We can implement a closed form solution with some number theory. A closed form solution is one that scales in constant time with respect to the input.

The first step is to find an efficient way to sum consecutive numbers, beginning from one. Let’s take $$n = 6$$ as an example.

$\sum_{i=1}^6 i = 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + 5 + 6$

Observe that we can pair these numbers up $$\frac{n}{2}$$ times and that they all equal $$n + 1$$.

$1 + 6 = 7 \newline 2 + 5 = 7 \newline 3 + 4 = 7 \newline$

For odd numbers, let’s say $$n = 7$$, add a pair including zero.

$0 + 7 = 7 \newline 1 + 6 = 7 \newline 2 + 5 = 7 \newline 3 + 4 = 7$

Now there are $$\frac{n + 1}{2}$$ pairs and each pair adds up to $$n$$. The result is the same because of the distributive property in arithmetic.

$\frac{n}{2} \cdot (n + 1) \equiv \frac{n + 1}{2} \cdot n$

We now want to formerly prove this so we can apply the formula for any value of $$n$$.

$S_n = \frac{n(n + 1)}{2}, \quad \text{for } n \in \natnums_0$

A statement like this is known as a proposition. One way to prove a proposition is with mathematical induction on recurrence relations. Recurrence relations are equations that define a given term $$n$$ in terms of a previous term. By definition, they are recursive, so a base case must also be defined.

\begin{aligned} S_0 &= 0 \\ S_n &= S_{n - 1} + n, \quad \text{for } n \in \natnums_1 \end{aligned}

The truth of these equations is self-evident. To prove the proposition, we substitute it into these equations.

\begin{aligned} S_0 &= 0 \\ &= \frac{0 \cdot (0 + 1)}{2} \newline \newline \\[2em] S_n &= S_{n - 1} + n \\ &= \frac{(n - 1)((n - 1) + 1)}{2} + n \end{aligned}

The first equation holds. The second one holds only if we can arrive back to the proposition algebraically.

\begin{aligned} S_n &= \frac{(n - 1)((n - 1) + 1)}{2} + n \\ &= \frac{(n - 1)(n)}{2} + \frac{2n}{2} \\ &= \frac{n(n - 1) + 2n}{2} \\ &= \frac{n(n - 1 + 2)}{2} \\ &= \frac{n(n + 1)}{2} \end{aligned}

Since the second equation holds, we have found the closed form solution and can now implement this without a looping construct.

But of course, the problem wants us to sum multiples. For example, the sum of multiples of five up to and including thirty.

\begin{aligned} M_6(30, 5) &= 5 + 10 + 15 + 20 + 25 + 30 \\ &= 105 \end{aligned}

It’s important to recognise that $$n$$ represents the number of terms here, not the limit value that we want to sum the multiples to. If we denote the limit value $$l = 30$$ and the difference between each term $$d = 5$$, then $$n = \tfrac{l}{d} = 6$$.

Just as important, note that $$d$$ can be factored out of the sequence.

\begin{aligned} M_6(30, 5) &= 5(1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + 5 + 6) \\ &= 105 \end{aligned}

We can use our existing knowledge of $$S_n$$ here.

$M_n(l, d) = d \cdot S_{\frac{l}{d}}$

Let’s write a new proposition in terms of $$n$$ to prepare for our proof.

\begin{aligned} M_{n}(l, d) &= d \cdot S_{\frac{l}{d}} \\ &= d \cdot \frac{\tfrac{l}{d}(\tfrac{l}{d} + 1)}{2} \\ &= d \cdot \frac{n(n + 1)}{2} \\ &= \frac{nd(n + 1)}{2} \end{aligned}

Defining the new recurrence in terms of $$n$$ simplifies it.

\begin{aligned} M_0(l, d) &= 0 \\ M_n(l,d) &= M_{n-1} + nd, \quad \text{for } n \in \natnums_1, d \in \natnums_1 \end{aligned}

The proof is once again by mathematical induction.

\begin{aligned} M_{0}(l, d) &= 0 \\ &= \frac{0 \cdot d \cdot (0 + 1)}{2} \\[1em] \\ M_{n}(l, d) &= M_{n-1} + nd \\ &= \frac{(n - 1) \cdot d \cdot ((n - 1) + 1)}{2} + \frac{2nd}{2} \\ &= \frac{d(n - 1)(n) + 2nd}{2} \\ &= \frac{nd(n - 1) + 2nd}{2} \\ &= \frac{nd(n - 1 + 2)}{2} \\ &= \frac{nd(n + 1)}{2} \end{aligned}

Since the equations hold, let’s rewrite our solution in terms of $$l$$ and $$d$$ as these are the inputs to our implementation.

\begin{aligned} M_{n}(l, d) &= d \cdot \frac{\tfrac{l}{d}(\tfrac{l}{d} + 1)}{2} \\ &= \frac{l(\tfrac{l}{d} + 1)}{2} \\ &= \frac{l(\tfrac{l + d}{d})}{2} \\ &= \frac{l(l + d)}{2d} \end{aligned}

And with that, we can finally implement a closed form solution.

solve!(p001, closed, 1_000, |exclusive_limit| -> i128 {
let sum_multiples = |difference| {
let limit = difference * ((exclusive_limit - 1) / difference);
(limit * (limit + difference)) / (2 * difference)
};

let sum_of_multiples = &[3, 5].iter().map(sum_multiples).sum();
let sum_of_product_multiples = sum_multiples(&(3 * 5));

(sum_of_multiples - sum_of_product_multiples) as i128
});


Take care to decrement the limit value since the problem statement asks for multiples up to one thousand. Dividing and then multiplying by difference ensures limit is a multiple of difference. Once the multiples of three and five are summed, the answer will include the multiples of their product twice, so the sum of multiples of fifteen is calculated separately and subtracted from the answer.

## Comparison

The closed form solution runs in constant time in contrast with the iterative solution that scales linearly with the size of the limit value.

With limit values in the thousands or lower, the iterative solution still completes in microseconds. With far larger limit values, the delay would begin to become noticeable.